Abstract Session Viewer

TP01

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 022	Session: Biomedical Applications
Image-Guided Raman Spectroscopy For In Vivo Diagnosis of Gastric Precancer At Gastroscopy
Zhiwei Huang
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Summary
We report the implementation of a narrow-band image (NBI)-guided Raman endoscopy for in vivo diagnosis of gastric dysplasia. High-quality in vivo Raman spectra can be acquired from normal and dysplastic gastric tissue within 0.5 second at gastroscopy. Significant Raman spectral differences are observed between normal and dysplastic gastric tissue. PCA-LDA modeling on in vivo Raman spectra yields a diagnostic sensitivity of 94.4% and specificity of 96.3% for distinction of gastric dysplastic tissue. This study suggests that NBI-guided Raman endoscopy associated with PCA-LDA algorithms has potential for noninvasive, in vivo diagnosis of gastric precancer during clinical gastroscopic examination.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 012	Session: Biomedical Applications
Binding of Platinum Complexes to DNA Monitored by Raman Spectroscopy
Vlastimil Masek^{1, 2}; Peter Mojzes³; Jan Palacky³; Jiri Bok³; Pavel Anzenbacher^{1, 2}
¹Palacky University at Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; ²Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic; ³Institute of Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

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Summary
Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor kinetics of formation of platinum complexes adducts on DNA fragments. Time evolutions of the changes in the Raman spectra after Pt-complex addition were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods to reveal minimal number of spectroscopically distinguishable species. Results show three spectral components exhibiting different kinetics in case of cisplatin 1,2-GG intra- and interstrand cross-linking. Spectra of pure species (unmodified DNA, monofunctional adduct and cross-linked complex) were derived from spectral components. Relative fractions of respective aducts obtained from time evolution of their Raman spectra correlate with the kinetics of monofunctional and bifunctional adduct formation.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 013	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman Spectroscopy of Bone Mineral Crystallization in a Microfluidic Chip
Mary Tecklenburg; Brandon Whitman
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI

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Summary
Bone diseases are a significant human health problem that can benefit from fundamental studies which may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. Mineral development in bone proceeds through an amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) phase and possible intermediates such as octacalcium phosphate (OCP) before transforming to apatite and later carbonated apatite. In this project apatite crystallization kinetics was studied using Raman spectroscopy to identify intermediates and measure kinetic parameters as a function of constituents of bone extracelluar matrix. Crystallization studies were carried out in a microfludic chip in order to minimize the amount of expensive protein required for the experiments.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 014	Session: Biomedical Applications
Investigation Of Preeclampsia By Raman Spectroscopy
Günay Başar¹; Ugur Parlatan²; Seyma Seninak²
¹Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ²Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

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Summary
In our study we investigate full blood, serum and plasma samples and samples taken from afterbirth placenta’s of pregnants with preeclampsia and healthy pregnants, with Raman spectroscopic methods such as Raman, micro-Raman and Raman Tweezers. Differences in spectra of samples taken from healthy and preeclamptic pregnants were determined via statistical methods.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 015	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman Spectroscopic Probing of Molecular Profiles of Tumorigenicity in Colon Carcinoma Differential Cell Lines Associated with a Tumor-Specific Lipid Marker
Patrice Donfack¹; Gabriele Multhoff²; Arnulf Materny¹
¹Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany; ²Klinikum rechts der Isar, Tech. University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Summary
Raman spectroscopic monitoring of molecular changes associated with differential colon carcinoma sublines CX- and CX+, in combination with multivariate analysis in the fingerprint regions [450-1800 cm^-1] and [2700-3450 cm^-1], is presented. While the CX- and CX+ cells, known to exhibit different protein Hsp70 membrane expression levels, are associated with the same tumor-specific lipid molecule, their Raman spectra are specifically protein-dominated, showing differences between CX- and CX+ in the proteins, amino/nucleic acids and minor lipid bands at approx. 783, 936, 1300, 1450, 1656, and 2933 cm^-1. These changes, essential at positions where lipid contributions can be expected, suggest tumor-specific lipid/protein interactions.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 016	Session: Biomedical Applications
Mechanisms of disulfide bridges reduction in lysozyme revealed by Raman Spectroscopy and molecular computing
Catalina David; Sarah Foley; Mironel Enescu
Université de Franche-Comté, LCPR-AC, 25030, Besançon, France

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Summary
The study of the mechanism of the disulfide bridges reduction in biological environment is very important since they play a crucial role in the stability of native protein structures. We present here a detailed analysis of the role that protein structure plays in the reactivity of the disulfide bridges. We studied the mechanism of the disulfide bridges reduction in lysozyme by TCEP using Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Modelling. Raman Spectroscopy allowed us to directly detect the progress of the reduction reaction by analysing both S-S and amide vibrational bands. The experimental results were been refined using the Molecular Modelling.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 017	Session: Biomedical Applications
Micro-Raman Based Identification Of Anthrax Endospores Isolated From Different Matrices
Stephan Stöckel¹; Susann Meisel¹; Wilm Schumacher¹; Mandy Elschner²; Petra Rösch¹; Jürgen Popp¹
¹Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany; ²Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany

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Summary
In this work a methodology is presented, by which the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis and related endospores were extracted from several white powders and soil-like matrices. Afterwards identification of single isolated endospores on species level was performed by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy in combination with several self-learning machines. This approach is impelled by the demand for warfare detection of biological agents on the site of their occurrence, since Bacillus anthracis as the cause of the acute fatal disease anthrax has gained notoriety for being a potential bio-weapon agent since World War I.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 018	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman Spectroscopic Investigations of the Effect of Cytostatic agents on Breast Cancer Cells
Melanie Putsche¹; Katharina Hartmann¹; Thomas Bocklitz¹; Katharina Pachmann²; Petra Rösch¹; Jürgen Popp¹
¹IPC, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; ²Clinical Center for Internal Medicine II, Jena, Germany

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Summary
This work will clarify the not yet understood mode of action of the antimicrotubule cytostatics Docetaxel in MCF-7 cells. Extensive knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of the antimicrotubule agent Docetaxel is not established yet. To reveal these concequences of the use of cytostatics Raman micro-spectroscopy was utilized. Investigations clarified that a low concentration of 10 nmol Docetaxel leads to morphological and chemical changes in treated MCF-7 cells. Thus, Raman spectroscopy represents a suitable technique to investigate the optimal cytostatics concentration for the treatment of cancerogenous tissue and acts as an excellent method to examine mechanism of action of chemotherapeutics.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 019	Session: Biomedical Applications
Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms
Petra Rösch; Stephan Stöckel; Susann Meisel; Anja Boßecker; Wilm Schumacher; Jürgen Popp
Inst. Phys. Chem., University Jena, Jena, Germany

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Summary
For a fast and reliable identification of microorganisms a cultivation step should be avoided since it is time consuming. A promising and fast alternative to conventional microbiological methods is the application of micro-Raman spectroscopy. Here single bacterial cells can easily be analyzed and identified. In this contribution we will demonstrate the capability of Raman spectroscopy to identify pathogens without cultivation even from real environmental or medical samples.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 020	Session: Biomedical Applications
A Raman study of MMP2 and MnSOD, two pathology biomarkers
Catalina David¹; Cristiano D'Andrea²; Onofrio Maragò²; Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi²; Barbara Fazio²; Marc Lamy de la Chapelle¹
¹University Paris 13, Bobigny, France; ²CNR Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, 98158 MESSINA, Italy

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Summary
Matrix Metalloproteinases play a key role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. The vibrational spectra of MMPs and SODs can provide crucial information about conformational changes induced by external factors, e.g. the interaction with metal ions, drugs, others proteins or peptides. Raman spectroscopy can be used as a tool for non-invasive and non-ambiguous spectral detection of these proteins at very low concentration with potential applications in early diseases diagnosis. At present, there is still insufficient knowledge on the Raman spectral fingerprints of these proteins. Here we present a complete Raman analysis of MMP2 and MnSOD using multiwavelength-excitation.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 021	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Studies to Understand the Efficacy of HDAC Inhibitor Drugs
Bhawana Singh
IISc, Bangalore, India

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Summary
I have been working in the area of Biophotonics. My Ph. D research work include study of brain cancer and related chemotherapy. This work cover both the basic and applied aspect of the brain cancer research. In this conference I will present the study related to understand the effect of new class of chemo-therapeutics on brain cancer cells.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 023	Session: Biomedical Applications
Aggregation And Excitonic Coupling Of Biomolecules Studied By Polarized Resonance Raman Scattering And Multivariate Analysis
Søren Hassing; Kit D. Jernshøj
Sense Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Universit, Odense, Denmark

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Summary
Aggregation of chromophoric bio-molecules plays an important role in various bio-physical processes, e.g. processes involving drug uptake by human cells. The polarization properties of resonance Raman scattering is a sensitive probe of molecular properties and it has been applied in systematic studies of dilute solutions of bio-molecules, such as the metallo-porphyrins. We demonstrate that aggregation processes can be studied in their natural environment by comparing experimental polarized resonance Raman spectra of a number of samples containing a mixture of monomers and aggregates with samples containing only the monomers. The two kind of samples are compared by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to the polarized data.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 024	Session: Biomedical Applications
Vibrational Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in 2-Thiohydantoins.
Anamika Mishra¹; Vineet Gupta¹; Poonam Tandon¹; Ko-Ki Kunimoto²
¹University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India; ²Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan

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Summary
2-Thiohydantoins (2-thioxo-imidazolizin-4-ones) is one of pharmaceutical and biological important material in all hydantoin derivatives. 2-Thiohydantoins form complex hydrogen bonding networks in crystals. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining the arrangement of molecules in a crystal. The primary investigation of thiohydantoin A and B polymorph were performed by means of X-ray diffraction analysis, density functional theory and the subsequent attribution of the obtained data to the corresponding vibrational spectra. The influence of hydrogen binding in crystal packing upon the vibrational frequencies was studied using calculations in terms of density functional theory.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 025	Session: Biomedical Applications
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Univariate Correlation Analysis for Medical Diagnosis
Carlo Camerlingo¹; Ines Delfino²; Giuseppe Perna³; Vito Capozzi³; Maria Lepore⁴
¹CNR, Istituto di Cibernetica "E. Caianello", Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; ²BNC, Facoltà di Scienze, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; ³Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Università Foggia, Foggia, Italy; ⁴Dip. Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Univ. Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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Summary
A univariate correlation approach, based on the definition of a similarity coefficient (sample coefficient of determination), is presented and employed for classifying Raman spectra from oral tissue biopsies of patients with confirmed Pemphigus Vulgaris at different illness stages. The spectra were recorded in the 1000-1800 and 2700-3200 cm-1 wavenumber shift regions by a confocal micro-Raman system (λ=633 nm). For each wavelet treated spectrum, the sample coefficient of determination was calculated and used for tissue classification. This approach enabled to discriminate among tissue illness stages, thus confirming the potentials of Raman spectroscopy in medical diagnosis also of rare diseases.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 026	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman Spectroscopy and Chemometrics To Investigate Time Dependent Physical Changes Of Insulin In Shear Stress Conditions
Grant Webster¹; Jonathan Dusting²; Stavroula Balabani²; Ewan Blanch¹
¹University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; ²King's College, London, United Kingdom

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Summary
Proteins that misfold and aggregate due to physical strain in physiological fluid flow systems have been linked to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and other human disorders. It is known that pH and temperature can have measurable effects on protein misfolding. However, little is known about the effect of mechanical stress on protein morphology. Here, we model a physiological fluid flow environment as a function of time to investigate the nature of protein misfolding using Raman spectroscopy and data processing techniques.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 027	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman Spectroscopy As A Potential Rapid Screening Tool For Venous Thromboembolism
Kelvin W. C. Poon¹; Fiona Lyng¹; Orla Howe^{1, 3}; James F. Curtin³; Hugh J. Byrne^{2, 3}; Joe Vaughan³
¹RESC, Focas Research Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; ²Focas Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland; ³School of Biological Science, DIT, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Summary
Annually in Europe, deaths from Venous Throboembolic disorders (Deep Vein Thrombosis and/or Pulmonary Embolism) more than double the total number of mortalities from breast cancer, prostate cancer, HIV/ AIDS and road traffic accidents combined. D-dimers are fibrin degradation products generated by fibrinolysis. However, the D-dimer antigen is heterogenous leading to the lack of standardisation of currently available assays. Raman spectroscopy was investigated for its ability to differentiate and quantify D-dimer content in patient blood plasma samples and any associated biomolecular changes occurring during the coagulation cascade. Results were directly compared to a gold-standard Immunoturbidimetric D-dimer assay (bioMérieux) to gauge performance.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 028	Session: Biomedical Applications
A Raman and ROA Study of Insulin Fibrillogenesis
Benjamin Gardner; Ewan blanch; Andrew Doig
The university of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

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Summary
The misfolding of proteins and their fibrillogenesis is a key focus of research, due to their being implicated in human illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Understanding the structural transitions which occur in amyloidogenic proteins is paramount to understanding these diseases, and a requirement for effective treatments to be developed. We present here a Raman and ROA study of protein fibrillogenesis. We show here a Raman two dimensional (2D) correlation of reversible prefibrillogenic structural transitions, Raman spectra of fibrillogenesis, and demonstrate the sensitivity ROA shows in the study of fibrillogenesis.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 029	Session: Biomedical Applications
Robust spectroscopic calibration for transcutaneous glucose monitoring by modeling of diffusion kinetics
Ishan Barman¹; Chae-Ryon Kong¹; Gajendra Pratap Singh²; Narahara Chari Dingari¹; Ramachandra Rao Dasari¹; Michael S. Feld¹
¹MIT, Cambridge, MA; ²University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland

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Summary
The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose is a major challenge for non-invasive glucose concentration measurements. The lag time introduces systematic errors in calibration algorithms, due to the mismatch between reference blood glucose concentrations and the acquired tissue Raman spectra that predominantly measure ISF glucose. We propose a novel spectroscopic calibration scheme based on “dynamic concentration correction” (DCC), which is based on a two-compartment mass transfer model of blood and ISF glucose. We show that predicted glucose concentrations using DCC closely match the measured glucose concentrations, while those generated with conventional calibration methods show significantly larger deviations.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 030	Session: Biomedical Applications
Raman Spectroscopic Study of Muscle Related Disorders Using Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model System
Rekha Gautam
Research Scholar, Bangalore, India

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Summary
Raman microspectroscopy provides information on both qualitative and quantitative distribution of sample heterogeneity through the differences in the molecular structure of the biochemical components. In this study, we focus on muscle related disorders using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. Drosophila melanogaster, has been used as an attractive model organism to understand the mechanisms underlying human diseases for years because of shorter life span, large number of eggs,60% of human disease genes have counter parts in Drosophila melanogaster. The objective is to monitor chemical and morphological changes during the disease progression by finding unique marker bands for every composition.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 031	Session: Biomedical Applications
Early Detection of Filaggrin-Related Atopic Dermatitis by Raman Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis
Miguel Ramírez-Elias¹; Francisco González¹; Javier Alda²; Berenice Moreno-Cruz¹; Marcela Martínez-Escaname¹; Benjamin Moncada¹; Bertha Torres-Alvarez¹
¹UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; ²UCM, Madrid, Spain

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Summary
Filaggrin gene mutations have been reported as an important predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). In this work the presence of the protein filaggrin in the skin was evaluated at birth on twelve infants using Raman spectroscopy. A statistical procedure which involved principal component analysis was performed on the Raman spectra in order to determine filaggrin content. The infants who appeared to have lower filaggrin content were also the ones that clinically developed AD. These findings suggest that Raman spectroscopy and PCA could be used as an early detection procedure for filaggrin-related atopic dermatitis.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 032	Session: Biomedical Applications
Collagen orientation during early stages of bone fracture healing investigated by polarized Raman imaging
Leonardo Galvis¹; Manav Mehta²; Admir Masic¹; John Dunlop¹; Georg Duda²; Peter Fratzl¹
¹Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; ²Charite'-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Summary
Polarized Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain chemical imaging of the molecular groups on a rat callus sample embedded in PMMA. The results reveal chondrocytes structures in the cartilage, as well as hydroxyapatite and collagen distribution in soft and hard tissues within the callus. The orientation mapping of collagen fibril around the chondrocytes cells was possible by fitting the intensity response of Amide I band at different polarization of the laser. Highly oriented collagen fibrils found in soft tissue around chondrocytes could suggest templating of the collagenous matrix in very early stages of callus formation.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 033	Session: Biomedical Applications
Near Infrared Raman Spectroscopic Study of Reactive Gliosis and the Glial Scar in Injured Rat Spinal Cords
Tarun Saxena¹; Bin Deng¹; Kyle Hoellger¹; Eric Lewis-Clark¹; Dennis Stelzner²; Julie Hasenwinkle¹; Joseph Chaiken¹
¹Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; ²SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York

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Summary
Comparative Raman spectra of ex vivo, saline-perfused, injured and healthy rat spinal cord as well as experiments using enzymatic digestion suggest that proteoglycan over expression may be observable in injured tissue. Side reactions between products of cord digestion produce lactones and similar species with distinct Raman features. The glial scar is thought to be a biochemical and physical barrier to nerve regeneration so this observation suggests the possibility of using near infrared Raman spectroscopy to study disease progression and explore potential treatments ex vivo and perhaps ultimately to monitor potential remedial treatments within the spinal cord in vivo.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 034	Session: Biomedical Applications
Direct noninvasive observation of near infrared photobleaching of autofluorescence in human volar side fingertips in vivo
Bin Deng¹; Colin Wright¹; Eric Lewis-Clark¹; Joseph Chaiken¹; Roman Geier¹; George Shaheen²
¹Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; ²LighTouch Medical, Inc., Syracuse, New York

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Summary
Human transdermal in vivo spectroscopic applications for tissue analysis involving near infrared (NIR) light must contend with broadband NIR fluorescence that can degrade signal to noise ratios and dynamic range. Such NIR fluorescence, i.e. “autofluorescence” is well known to originate in blood tissues and various other endogenous materials associated with the static tissues. Results of recent experiments on human volar side fingertips in vivo are beginning to provide a relative ordering of the contributions from various sources.Of the fluorescence associated with the static tissue, most originates with products of well-known post-enzymatic glycation reactions, i.e. Maillard chemistry.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 036	Session: Biomedical Applications
Identification Of Pathogenic Bacteria Extracted From Milk On Single-Cell-Level By Means Of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
Susann Meisel¹; Stephan Stöckel¹; Mandy Elschner²; Falk Melzer²; Petra Rösch¹; Jürgen Popp^{1, 3}
¹Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany; ²Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany; ³Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany

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Summary
Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to analyse and identify food-borne and pathogenic bacteria from milk. Therefore appropriate isolation steps including density centrifugation or milk clearing were evaluated with respect to compatibility towards the spectroscopic measurements. Analyses were performed on a custom-built, fully automated device with visible laser excitation.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 037	Session: Biomedical Applications
In Vivo Fiber-Optic Raman Mapping Of Metastases In Mouse Brains
Allison Stelling¹; Matthias Kirsch²; Gerald Steiner ¹; Christoph Krafft³; Gabriele Schackert²; Reiner Salzer¹
¹TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; ²Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany; ³Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany

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Summary
Raman spectroscopy has potential applications in the field of in vivo diagnostics. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of performing Raman spectroscopic measurements on living mice brains using a fiber-optic probe with a nominal spatial resolution of 60 µm. Disseminated brain metastases of malignant melanomas were induced by injecting tumor cells into the carotid artery of mice. The Raman maps were evaluated by multivariate data analysis. Raman maps with an acquisition time of over an hour could be performed on the living animals. No damage to the tissue was observed and even metastases hidden below the brain surface could be identified.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 038	Session: Biomedical Applications
Functional Analyses of Human Serum Paraoxonase (HuPON1) Mutants Using Drop Coating Deposition Raman Difference Spectroscopy
Hua Ying^{1, 2}; Rachel Baldauff^{1, 2}; Shubham Vyas^{1, 2}; Christina Harsch^{1, 2}; David Mata^{1, 2}; Christopher Hadad^{1, 2}; Thomas Magliery^{1, 2}; Terry Gustafson^{1, 2}
¹, Columbus, OH; ²The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

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Summary
Human PON1 is a 354 amino acid glycosylated protein of 43-kDa that can hydrolyze various organophosphorus compounds, including nerve agents such as paraoxon, sarin and soman. The histidine residues, especially H115 which is located at the bottom of HuPON1’s active site, are identified to be essential for the selectivity of PON1. In this study, our goal is to evaluate the structural implications of specific mutants on the turnover rate upon bonding with paraoxon when compared to the wild-type enzyme.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 039	Session: Biomedical Applications
Monitoring Tissue Oxygenation via Resonance Raman Spectroscopy in Experimental Animals and Human Subjects
James Terner
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA

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Summary
We have been investigating the possibilities presented by resonance Raman spectroscopy for the non-invasive measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation levels in living tissue. While interference from strong fluorescence would ordinarily be expected to arise from visual wavelength excitation of complex biological media, we have found that clinically informative Raman signals can arise from the resonance enhancement of hemoglobin that is provided by laser excitation within the deep violet and green wavelength regions.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 040	Session: Biomedical Applications
Analysis Of Skin Cancers By Raman Microspectroscopy
Nathalie Mainreck¹; Cyril Gobinet¹; Ziad Reguiai²; Anne-Laure Goeldel³; Anne Durlach³; Philippe Bernard²; Michel Manfait¹; Olivier Piot¹
¹Unité MéDIAN, UMR CNRS 6237 - MEDyC, Reims, France; ²Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France; ³Laboratoire Pol Bouin, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France

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Summary
The first aim of this study is to explore the potential of conventional and polarized Raman microspectroscopies to be used by dermatologist as a new tool to help in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) diagnosis and in excision margins definition. Frozen slides come from standard excision in 15 patients with BCC or non-BCC (but initially diagnosed as BCC by dermatologist or highly suspected of BCC). Spectral images were processed by multivariate statistical analyses such as k-means and fuzzy-c-means classification algorithms. In addition, spectra of major biological compounds were acquired to evaluate their distribution and contribution within the tumoral tissues.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 041	Session: Biomedical Applications
Classification Model for Skin Cancer Diagnosis in Vitro Using Raman Spectroscopy
Benito Bodanese; Landulfo Silveira, Jr.; Regiane Albertini; Renato A. Zângaro; Marcos T. T. Pacheco
Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil

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Summary
Raman Spectroscopy has been used to diagnose basal cell carcinoma (BCC) skin cancer compared to normal skin tissue in vitro. A dispersive Raman spectrometer (830nm, 100mW) was used to collect spectra from normal and BCC with 60s accumulation. Diagnostic algorithms based on Principal Components Analysis and a simplified biochemical model based on the spectra of collagen and cell fat showed that BCC tissue can be distinguished from normal tissue, and the PCA model showed better discrimination capability.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 042	Session: Biomedical Applications
Surgical Raman Forceps for Disease Diagnosis
Gajendra Pratap Singh; K. M. Tan; P. C. Ashok; C. S. Herrington; Wilson Sibbett; C.T.A. Brown
University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom

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Summary
We report a novel fiber probe based surgical Raman forceps for disease diagnosis which can be used to acquire Raman spectra of biological tissue in clinically relevant acquisition times. In contrast to traditional back-scattering probe design, this device uses a split Raman probe, where the excitation and collection part of the probe is decoupled. The split probe heads serve to miniaturize the system and also allow a geometry where the fiber background signal is minimized. Their incorporation in the two arms of a surgical forceps results in a system that can be used ex vivo as well as in vivo.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 043	Session: Biomedical Applications
Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy of Skin: Study of Signal Variability and Effect of Excitation Wavelength
Sana TFAILI¹; Gwendal JOSSE²; Cyril GOBINET¹; Jean-François ANGIBOUST¹; Michel MANFAIT¹; Olivier PIOT¹
¹MEDyC Unit, CNRS UMR 6237, University of Reims, Reims Champagne - Ardennes, France; ²Pierre Fabre Institute, Research & development, Toulouse, France

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Summary
In order to evaluate the reliability of Raman analyses on skin before reaching a large in vivo perspective, the present work aimed to evaluate the variability of the Raman response on excised skin samples. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy technique is used and 3 different wave numbers are applied 532; 633 and 785 nm. Spectra are registered on and under skin surface at different depth layers. Point to point variability but also spectra stability at the same location on sample after short laps of time (6 hours maximum) are examined. Random dermatological samples were used: pigskin epidermis (Pierre Fabre, Vigoulet Auzil, France).

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 044	Session: Biomedical Applications
In-Situ Monitoring of Difructose Anhydride III Hydrolysis by Raman Spectroscopy
Tzu-Hsin Chan^{1, 2}; Yuh-Lin Wang^{1, 3}
¹Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academ, taipei, taiwan; ²Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Universit, taipei, taiwan; ³Department of Physics, national Taiwan University, taipei, taiwan

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Summary
Difructose anhydrides (DFAs) are the smallest cyclic disaccharides consisting two fructose units joined by two glycosidic bonds and form an additional ring. This structure gives DFAⅢ extra high stability. This study is to provide a full understanding of the origin of Raman peaks and assignment of these normal modes. With the help of Raman spectroscopy, we can monitor the hydrolysis of DFA III in situ and try to understand the corresponding conformational change and the binding mechanism.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 045	Session: Biomedical Applications
Optical analysis of pancreatic cancer tissue model using fluorescence image and Raman spectroscopic techniques
Toshiaki Suzuki¹; Toru Asakura^{2, 3}; Toru Shimosegawa²; Yukihiro Ozaki¹; Hidetoshi Sato¹
¹Kwansei gakuin University, Sannda City, Japan; ²Tohoku University, sendai, japan; ³Miyagi Gakuin Women’s University, sendai, japan

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Summary
Pancreatic cancer tissues grown subcutaneously in nude mice are studied by Raman spectroscopy and autofluorescence imaging. From the result of autofluorescenc imaging study, we can separate stroma part of the pancreatic cancer tissue and active cancer cell part without any staining. And using Raman spectroscopy, we can observe different spectra at active cancer cell part and stroma part. These results strongly suggest that combination of autofluorescence image and Raman spectroscopy is very important to study biological tissue.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 046	Session: Biomedical Applications
Confocal Raman Spectroscopy Study Of The Penetration Of A Skin-Sensitizer And Its Vehicles
Eleanor Bonnist; Jean-Phillipe Gorce; Cameron MacKay; Ruth Pendlington; Paul Pudney
Unilever, Bedford, United Kingdom

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Summary
Confocal Raman spectroscopy is used to continuously follow a model skin-sensitizing chemical, trans-cinnamaldehyde, as it penetrates pigskin in-vitro over 24-hours. Cinnamaldehyde penetration is determined in different delivery vehicles and vehicle penetration is monitored as well, thus cinnamaldehyde penetration behaviour can directly be compared with that of its vehicle. We find that the four vehicles tested give rise to different penetration kinetics for the cinnamaldehyde. Quantitative concentration profiles are generated for each chemical dosed onto the skin, and this data can input into predictive models for assessing the skin-sensitizing potential of a chemical whose aim is to replace animal studies.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 047	Session: Biomedical Applications
Low-Wavenumber Raman and Synchrotron Studies of Proteins and Protein/Water Interactions. From Model System to Animal and Human Skin
Ole Faurskov Nielsen¹; Tanja Maria Greve²; Nikolaj de Fries¹; Niels Wessel Larsen¹; Anders Engdahl³
¹Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; ²LEO-Pharma, Copenhagen, Denmark; ³MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

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Summary
Fast protein dynamics and protein/water interactions are studied by low wavenumber NIR-FT-Raman and synchrotron Far-IR spectroscopy. The amount of water and hydrogen bonded water structures are compared for animal and human skin samples. This is important for choosing the most suited animal skin for skin penetration studies in the laboratory. In this context the binding between water and skin penetration enhancers is important. The presence of bulk, liquid water was investigated for various skin diseases. The ATR-Far-IR synchrotron technique is particularly suited for water studies in skin with low water content like the outer stratum corneum layers.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 048	Session: Biomedical Applications
Broadband Raman Response Of Gold Nanorods With And Without Cancer Cells
Liesbeth Hartsuiker¹; Wilma Petersen²; Raja G. Rayavarapu²; Srirang Manohar²; Ton G. van Leeuwen²; Leon W.M.M. Terstappen¹; Cees Otto¹
¹Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; ²BioMedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands

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Gold nanorods (GNR) are rapidly emerging for use in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and their favourable optical properties. We observe Raman signals of non-aggregated GNR in solution to be dominated by broadband fluorescence-like emission. Saturation of the broadband intensity with increasing laser power suggests the occurrence of a long lived excited state. Single-cell confocal Raman imaging shows both broad-band and narrow-band features inside breast carcinoma cells incubated with GNR, enabling non-invasive detection of GNR with different coatings in live cancer cells. To facilitate GNR detection in cells, the use of indocyanine green (ICG) as Raman marker was explored.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 049	Session: Biomedical Applications
Composition and structure of human trabecular bone tissue by Raman micro-spectroscopy
Zdzislaw Blaszczak¹; Marek Kozielski²; Tomasz Buchwald²
¹Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Poznan, Poland; ²Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, poland

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PACS: 87.14.em; 87.64.kp. Microraman study of spongy of tissue of human head of femur composition and structure has been performed. Raman spectrum from the bone surface has been used for characterisation of the amount and quality of bone mineral components and ratio to collagen fibres and its orientation. The results obtained prove that Raman spectroscopy can be successfully applied for microanalysis of the composition and structure of spongy bone tissue. Determination of the mode of collagen fibres arrangement permits evaluation of the biomechanical properties of bones, so provides information of susceptibility of bones to fracture.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 050	Session: Biomedical Applications
Diagnostic Model for Differentiating Human Malignant Prostate Lesion from Normal Tissue in Vitro by Raman Spectroscopy
Marcos A. S. R. Silva¹; Ricardo M. Lopes¹; Flávio Aimbire¹; Kátia R. M. Leite²; Carlos A. Pasqualucci²; Marcos T. T. Pacheco¹; Landulfo Silveira, Jr.¹
¹Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil; ²Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Summary
Raman spectroscopy has been used to discriminate among normal, benign prostate hyperplasia (HPB) and prostate adenocarcinoma (CaP). A dispersive Raman spectrometer was used, with 830nm and 100mW laser excitaiton. It was developed two diagnostic algorithms: based on Principal Components Analysis and a simplified biochemical model based on the relative amount of portein-like and lipid-like spectral features. It was found that PCA algorithm showed better discrimination than the biochemical model, with a high discrimination rate.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 051	Session: Biomedical Applications
Experimental and calculated by the DFT method vibration spectra of berberine.
Sergiy Kutovyy¹; Nataliia Bashmakova¹; Valeriy Yashchuk¹; Mykola Kornienko¹; Roman Zhurakivsky²; Dmytro Hovorun²
¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; ²Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, Ukraine

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Summary
Vibration spectra (Raman and infrared absorption) of microcrystalline berberine are obtained at room temperature. On the basis of correlation between experimental and calculated by the DFT B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method vibration spectra the interpretation of vibrations in the frequency range of 800-1700 cm-1 is presented. The experimental and calculated spectra of intramolecular vibrations are in good agreement.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 052	Session: Biomedical Applications
Detecting Changes in the Cervix with Raman Spectroscopy
Elizabeth Vargis¹; Teresa Byrd²; Jeff Reese¹; Dineo Khabele¹; Ayman Al-Hendy²; Anita Mahadevan-Jansen¹
¹Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; ²Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN

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Summary
Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect precancerous changes in the cervix. In our analysis, Raman spectra were obtained from normal and abnormal areas of the cervix from over 200 women. Using a combination of methods to classify the data, we found a classification accuracy of 88% and high scattering among the different categories. Classifying the data based on the hormonal state of the woman led to higher classification rate (94%) and lower scattering. This led us to conclude that Raman spectroscopy is a highly sensitive technique, one that must be well-understood in order to use it for disease detection.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 053	Session: Biomedical Applications
Study Of Live Cells Grown On Three Dimensional Collagen Gel Using Raman Microspectroscopy
Franck Bonnier; Aidan Meade; Peter Knief; Kunal Bhattacharya; Fiona Lyng; Hugh Byrne
Focas Research Institute, DIT, Dublin, Ireland

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The weak contribution of water in Raman spectra offers the potential to study live cells cultured in vitro using an immersion lens. 3D collagen gels have been preferred to mimic the in vivo conditions encountered by the cells. In this study we highlight the advantages and potential of such a model for Raman spectroscopy using 785nm as source. The density of the collagen gel appears too low to contribute significantly to the spectra recorded, with the result that it is rendered invisible spectrally allowing the study of live cells grown on a collagen gel using Raman microspectroscopy.

Code: TP01	Time Slot/Poster Number: 054	Session: Biomedical Applications
Towards Automated Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma.
Marta Larraona-Puy¹; Adrian Ghita¹; Alina Zoladek¹; William Perkins⁵; Sandeep Varma⁵; Iain H. Leach²; Alexey A. Koloydenko³; Hywel Williams⁴; Ioan Notingher¹
¹NanoScience Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham , United Kingdom; ²Histopathology Department, Nottingham University, Nottingham, U.K.; ³Mathematics Department, University of London, London, U.K.; ⁴Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology,Nott. Univer., Nottingham, U.K.; ⁵Dermatology Department, Nottingham University, Nottingham, U.K.

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Summary
The target of our study is to develop an automated technique for imaging and diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) using Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). RMS has been proved to be a powerful non-invasive objective alternative tool to histopathology diagnosis. Selected Raman bands and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to build the classification model. A total of 329 skin-tissue Raman-spectra from 20 patients allowed BCC discrimination from healthy tissue with 90±9% sensitivity and 85±9% specificity in a 70% to 30% split cross-validation algorithm. This multivariate model was then applied on unknown tissue sections from new patients to image tumor regions.